Interview Questions for Geriatric Psychology

Assessing cognitive decline in older adults is a multifaceted process requiring a thorough evaluation of multiple cognitive domains. It’s not simply about a single test but a holistic approach combining various methods.

My assessment typically begins with a comprehensive history, including details about the individual’s medical history, family history of cognitive decline, and current lifestyle. This helps me understand potential contributing factors. Then, I utilize standardized neuropsychological tests such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to objectively measure cognitive functions like memory, attention, language, and executive functions. These tests provide a quantifiable measure of cognitive performance. I also incorporate observational assessments, noting things like changes in behavior, personality, or daily functioning reported by family members or caregivers. Finally, I integrate information from other healthcare professionals involved in the patient’s care, such as neurologists or physicians, to form a comprehensive picture.

For instance, I recently worked with a 78-year-old woman who was experiencing increasing forgetfulness. While her MMSE score indicated mild cognitive impairment, observation of her daily routines and conversations with her family revealed a more significant decline in her ability to manage her finances and household tasks. This holistic approach allowed for a more accurate diagnosis and the development of a personalized care plan.

Delirium and dementia are both cognitive disorders affecting older adults, but they differ significantly in their onset, duration, and underlying causes.

• Delirium is an acute, fluctuating disturbance in consciousness and cognition. It typically develops rapidly over hours or days, often triggered by an infection, medication side effects, or surgery. Symptoms include confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, and impaired attention. Importantly, delirium is usually reversible with treatment of the underlying cause.
• Dementia is a chronic and progressive decline in cognitive abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment. It typically develops gradually over months or years and is caused by underlying brain damage from conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease or vascular dementia. Dementia is typically irreversible, although treatments can help manage symptoms and slow progression.

Think of it like this: delirium is like a sudden storm—intense, but potentially temporary. Dementia is more like a slow erosion—gradual, persistent, and increasingly debilitating.

Older adults in long-term care facilities face a unique set of psychological challenges due to factors like loss of independence, social isolation, and environmental changes. Common issues include:

• Depression: The loss of autonomy and social connections can lead to feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness.
• Anxiety: Concerns about health, safety, and the future contribute to heightened anxiety levels.
• Loneliness and Isolation: Reduced social interaction and limited opportunities for meaningful engagement increase feelings of loneliness.
• Adjustment Difficulties: Adapting to the new environment and routines of long-term care can be emotionally taxing.
• Agitation and Aggression: Cognitive impairment and unmet needs can sometimes manifest as behavioral disturbances.

Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach involving individual and group therapy, social activities, and a supportive environment that prioritizes the resident’s physical and emotional well-being.

Assessing depression in a patient with cognitive impairment requires careful consideration, as standard depression screening tools may not be suitable. The cognitive impairment can interfere with the patient’s ability to accurately report their feelings.

My approach involves a combination of methods:

• Observation of behavior: I observe the patient’s mood, activity level, sleep patterns, appetite, and social interactions. Changes in these areas can indicate depression, even if the patient cannot verbally express it.
• Caregiver interviews: I gather information from family members or caregivers about changes in the patient’s behavior, mood, and overall functioning. Their observations provide valuable insights.
• Modified depression scales: I utilize modified versions of depression scales, such as the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), which are adapted for use with individuals who have cognitive impairment. These scales often rely on observable behaviors rather than solely on self-report.
• Neuropsychological testing: Some neuropsychological tests can indirectly assess emotional functioning, providing additional clues to the presence of depression.

It’s crucial to differentiate between symptoms of depression and symptoms of the cognitive impairment itself. A thorough assessment is essential to arrive at an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

Ethical considerations in working with older adults and their families are paramount. Maintaining patient autonomy, confidentiality, and beneficence are central to ethical practice.

• Informed consent: Obtaining informed consent is crucial, ensuring the patient understands the purpose, procedures, and potential risks of any assessment or treatment. This may require adapting communication strategies to accommodate cognitive limitations.
• Confidentiality: Protecting the privacy of sensitive information is vital. This includes adhering to HIPAA regulations and establishing clear communication protocols with family members.
• Beneficence and Non-maleficence: Working in the best interest of the patient while avoiding harm is a fundamental ethical principle. This requires careful consideration of treatment choices and potential side effects.
• Respect for autonomy: Respecting the patient’s wishes and preferences, even when they have diminished capacity, is essential. This often involves involving family members in decision-making while prioritizing the patient’s best interests.
• Justice: Ensuring equitable access to care and avoiding discrimination based on age, race, or socioeconomic status is crucial.

A challenging example is when a patient lacks capacity to make decisions about their care, requiring careful negotiation with family members while upholding the patient’s best interests. Ethical dilemmas often require careful consideration and consultation with colleagues or ethics committees.

Several evidence-based interventions effectively manage anxiety in older adults. The choice depends on the severity and nature of the anxiety, as well as the individual’s cognitive and physical capabilities.

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT helps individuals identify and modify negative thought patterns and behaviors contributing to anxiety. Adaptations for older adults often involve simpler exercises and pacing to accommodate cognitive limitations.
• Relaxation techniques: Techniques like progressive muscle relaxation, deep breathing exercises, and mindfulness meditation can help reduce physiological symptoms of anxiety. These are often easily integrated into daily routines.
• Pharmacotherapy: In some cases, medication may be necessary to manage severe anxiety. However, careful consideration of potential side effects and drug interactions is essential, especially in older adults who may have multiple medical conditions.
• Social support interventions: Enhancing social connections and participation in social activities can significantly reduce feelings of isolation and anxiety. This may involve facilitating group activities or connecting individuals with support groups.

For example, a patient with generalized anxiety might benefit from a combination of CBT to address underlying negative thoughts and relaxation techniques to manage physical symptoms of anxiety. The most effective approach usually involves a multi-pronged strategy tailored to the individual’s specific needs.

The biopsychosocial model recognizes the interconnectedness of biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding and addressing health and illness, particularly relevant in geriatric care. It moves beyond simply looking at the disease itself.

• Biological factors: These include physical health conditions, genetic predispositions, medication side effects, and physiological changes associated with aging. For example, a decline in neurotransmitter levels can impact mood and cognition.
• Psychological factors: These encompass cognitive abilities, personality traits, coping mechanisms, emotional well-being, and mental health conditions. For instance, a history of depression can increase vulnerability to anxiety.
• Social factors: These encompass social support systems, living environment, socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs, and life events. Social isolation, for instance, can negatively affect overall well-being.

Applying this model in practice means considering all these factors when assessing and treating older adults. For example, an older adult experiencing memory problems may have underlying vascular disease (biological), feelings of anxiety related to the memory loss (psychological), and a lack of social support to cope with the challenges (social). A comprehensive treatment plan would address all three aspects.

Working with families of older adults facing mental health challenges requires a multifaceted approach. It’s crucial to understand that family dynamics significantly impact the individual’s well-being and treatment adherence. My experience involves building strong therapeutic alliances with families, educating them about the illness, and empowering them to become active participants in their loved one’s care. I often utilize family therapy techniques, focusing on communication skills, problem-solving strategies, and stress management. For example, I worked with the family of a woman experiencing late-onset depression. We focused on improving communication to avoid misunderstandings that exacerbated her symptoms, ultimately leading to a significant improvement in her mood and family relationships. Another instance involved supporting a family coping with the cognitive decline of their parent, providing education about dementia and practical strategies for managing challenging behaviors. This included role-playing scenarios to help family members manage difficult conversations and emotional outbursts.

Medication side effects can significantly impact an older adult’s mental health, sometimes mimicking or worsening existing conditions. My approach involves careful monitoring, collaboration with prescribing physicians, and a proactive strategy to mitigate these effects. This starts with a thorough medication review, identifying potential side effects and their likelihood. I closely observe patients for any new symptoms or changes in their condition. If side effects occur, I document them meticulously and discuss them with the physician to explore alternative medications or dosage adjustments. For instance, if a patient develops drowsiness from an antidepressant, we may explore switching to a medication with a different side effect profile. Sometimes, non-pharmacological interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be useful in addressing symptoms caused by medication side effects, and I integrate this as appropriate. Always, patient preferences and concerns are central to our decision-making process.

Assessing suicidal ideation in older adults requires a sensitive and thorough approach, recognizing that the presentation might differ from younger populations. I start with a direct, yet empathetic, inquiry, using open-ended questions such as, “Have you ever felt that life wasn’t worth living?” or “Have you had any thoughts of harming yourself?” I listen actively and avoid judgmental language. I assess the lethality of their plan, including access to means, and their perceived level of hopelessness. I also consider contributing factors, such as depression, chronic pain, social isolation, recent bereavement, or significant life changes. A comprehensive assessment also includes exploring protective factors, such as relationships with family and friends, commitment to religious beliefs, or a sense of purpose. This information guides the development of a safety plan and referral to appropriate resources, including hospitalization if necessary. For instance, if an individual expresses thoughts of suicide with a concrete plan, immediate action is warranted, including contacting emergency services.

Cultural sensitivity is paramount when working with older adults. Their experiences are shaped by their cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values, significantly influencing their understanding of mental health and their willingness to seek help. I begin by acknowledging and respecting the diversity of experiences within my patient population. I ensure that assessments and interventions are tailored to their unique cultural contexts. This includes understanding the impact of cultural norms on communication styles, family structures, and help-seeking behaviors. For example, I might adapt my communication style to be more indirect or deferential if working with a patient from a collectivist culture. It’s essential to use culturally appropriate language and avoid imposing my own cultural values. Furthermore, I seek consultation when needed from colleagues or community resources with specific expertise in working with particular cultural groups. Building trust and rapport is key, understanding that establishing a meaningful relationship may require more time and patience in some cases.

Neuropsychological testing plays a vital role in assessing cognitive function in older adults, particularly those suspected of having dementia or other cognitive impairments. My experience includes administering and interpreting a range of tests, including memory assessments (e.g., the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test), executive function tests (e.g., the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test), and visuospatial tests (e.g., the Clock Drawing Test). The selection of tests depends on the specific concerns and referral questions. I interpret the results within the context of the individual’s medical history, education level, and cultural background, recognizing that normal aging can affect cognitive performance. The results inform diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning. For example, findings may help distinguish between normal age-related cognitive decline and dementia, or pinpoint specific cognitive deficits that can guide rehabilitation strategies. I always provide patients with a clear and understandable explanation of the test results and their implications.

Collaboration is essential in geriatric care. I regularly work with physicians, nurses, social workers, occupational therapists, and other healthcare professionals. Effective collaboration involves regular communication, shared decision-making, and a coordinated care plan. I participate in interdisciplinary team meetings, contribute my psychological expertise, and ensure that the patient’s psychological needs are addressed holistically. For example, I might collaborate with a physician to manage medication side effects, a social worker to address social support needs, or an occupational therapist to develop strategies for maintaining independence. Utilizing electronic health records and shared care plans is vital to efficient and seamless information sharing. My focus is always on ensuring that the patient receives comprehensive, coordinated care that addresses their physical, psychological, and social needs.

Working with older adults who have experienced trauma presents unique challenges. These individuals may have difficulty disclosing traumatic experiences due to shame, guilt, or fear of judgment. They may also experience delayed or fragmented memories, making it difficult to understand the impact of trauma on their current functioning. Furthermore, age-related physical and cognitive changes can exacerbate the effects of trauma, and comorbid conditions such as depression and anxiety are common. My approach emphasizes building trust, providing a safe and validating environment, and using trauma-informed techniques. I might utilize techniques such as mindfulness, relaxation exercises, and narrative therapy to help patients process their experiences and develop coping skills. It’s essential to work at the patient’s pace and avoid pressuring them to disclose information they are not ready to share. Patience, empathy, and a collaborative approach are fundamental in supporting these individuals toward healing and recovery.

Communicating complex information to older adults and their families requires sensitivity, patience, and a tailored approach. I begin by assessing their cognitive abilities and preferred learning styles. For instance, some individuals may benefit from concise, bullet-point summaries, while others may prefer a more conversational, narrative approach. I always use clear, simple language, avoiding medical jargon. I also check for understanding frequently, using open-ended questions like, “Can you tell me in your own words what you’ve understood so far?” Visual aids, such as diagrams or charts, can be extremely helpful. Finally, I involve the family in the communication process, ensuring they understand the information and can support the individual. For example, if discussing medication, I’ll provide a written summary and offer a follow-up phone call to answer any questions. I find that repeating key information at different points during the conversation reinforces understanding and ensures retention.

Patient confidentiality is paramount in geriatric care. I adhere strictly to HIPAA regulations and all relevant state laws. This means protecting the individual’s medical records, discussing sensitive information only in private settings, and obtaining informed consent before sharing any information with family members or other healthcare providers, unless legally mandated. Exceptions exist with mandated reporting of elder abuse or neglect. I always explain the limits of confidentiality to patients and their families at the outset of our relationship. Furthermore, I only share information with others on a need-to-know basis and ensure that all electronic health records are password-protected and stored securely. I regularly update my knowledge of privacy regulations and best practices.

Technology offers exciting possibilities for improving geriatric mental health care. Telehealth, for example, can overcome geographical barriers and improve access to care for isolated or homebound individuals. I use telehealth platforms to conduct remote therapy sessions, monitor patient progress, and deliver educational materials. Cognitive stimulation apps can help maintain cognitive function, and remote monitoring devices can alert caregivers to potential problems. However, it’s crucial to consider the digital literacy of the patient and their family. We need to ensure that technology is user-friendly and accessible, and that patients receive adequate training and support. We also must address concerns regarding data privacy and security. A balanced approach, integrating technology thoughtfully, offers considerable benefits while mitigating the risks.

Chronic illnesses significantly impact the mental well-being of older adults. The pain, disability, and dependence associated with chronic conditions like arthritis, heart disease, and diabetes can lead to depression, anxiety, and feelings of hopelessness. Furthermore, the need for ongoing medical care and medication can be stressful, potentially exacerbating existing mental health challenges. The impact can be compounded by social isolation and reduced quality of life. For example, a person with severe arthritis may experience decreased mobility, leading to social withdrawal and depression. It’s crucial to address both the physical and mental health needs of older adults with chronic illnesses through a holistic approach, including pain management, psychosocial support, and cognitive behavioral therapy techniques tailored to their specific conditions.

My experience working with individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias has taught me the importance of patience, empathy, and adapting therapeutic approaches. I focus on supporting the individual’s remaining abilities and enhancing their quality of life, even as cognitive decline progresses. Strategies often include reminiscence therapy to connect with past memories, reality orientation to help with disorientation, and behavioral management techniques to address challenging behaviors. Support for caregivers is also vital, as they often experience significant emotional and physical stress. I work closely with family members to provide education, coping strategies, and resources. One particularly poignant memory involves a patient who, despite significant cognitive impairment, still enjoyed listening to music. Using this, I was able to facilitate meaningful interactions and enhance his mood, highlighting the importance of personalized care.

Differentiating between normal aging changes and pathological conditions like dementia requires a comprehensive assessment. Normal aging may involve some slowing of cognitive processes, such as memory recall, but it does not typically impair daily functioning. Pathological conditions, on the other hand, result in significant cognitive decline that interferes with daily life. For example, forgetting where you put your keys is common with aging, but repeatedly forgetting loved ones’ names or how to perform familiar tasks points to a potential problem. I rely on detailed cognitive testing, neurological examinations, and medical history to make accurate diagnoses. I also consider factors like the individual’s lifestyle, social support, and overall health. Careful observation, thorough history taking, and using standardized assessment tools are critical in making this crucial distinction.

Dementia encompasses a range of neurocognitive disorders, each with its own characteristics. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type, characterized by progressive memory loss, cognitive decline, and changes in personality. Vascular dementia results from damage to blood vessels in the brain, often causing a stepwise decline in cognitive abilities. Lewy body dementia involves visual hallucinations, fluctuations in cognitive function, and Parkinsonian motor symptoms. Frontotemporal dementia primarily affects the frontal and temporal lobes, leading to changes in personality, behavior, and language. Other rarer types of dementia exist. Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management, including medication, supportive therapies, and care planning. This requires a multidisciplinary approach, often involving neurologists, geriatricians, and psychologists.

Non-pharmacological interventions are crucial for managing behavioral disturbances in dementia, as they offer a safer and often more effective approach than medication alone. These interventions focus on environmental modifications and behavioral techniques to reduce agitation, aggression, and other challenging behaviors.

• Environmental Modifications: This involves creating a calm and predictable environment. For example, reducing noise and visual clutter, using calming colors in the living space, providing familiar objects, and establishing a consistent daily routine can significantly reduce anxiety and confusion. Think of it like creating a sanctuary – a safe and predictable space that helps the individual feel more secure.

• Behavioral Therapies: Techniques like validation therapy acknowledge and address the emotions underlying the behavior, even if the content of the behavior is rooted in delusion or misinterpretation. Reality orientation, while sometimes helpful, should be used carefully, as consistently correcting someone with dementia can be upsetting. Instead, redirection—gently shifting the person’s attention to a more calming activity—is often a better strategy. For example, if someone is agitated about a lost item, redirecting their attention to a favorite song or a simple task can be more effective than arguing about the lost item.

• Sensory Interventions: Music therapy, aromatherapy, and other sensory interventions can be very calming and effective in reducing agitation. For example, playing calming music can soothe anxiety, while aromatherapy with lavender can promote relaxation.

• Social Engagement: Maintaining meaningful social interaction and engagement in activities tailored to the individual’s abilities is critical. This could include reminiscence therapy, involving them in familiar activities, or encouraging social interaction with loved ones.

It’s vital to remember that a holistic approach, involving a multidisciplinary team, is often necessary for optimal management. A tailored plan is developed by considering the individual’s specific needs and behaviors.

Assessing capacity in older adults is a complex process that requires a multi-faceted approach. It’s not a simple ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer; instead, it’s about determining the individual’s ability to understand information relevant to a specific decision, appreciate the consequences of that decision, reason through the options, and communicate their choice. This capacity can fluctuate, depending on the cognitive demands of the situation and the individual’s current health status.

My approach involves several steps:

• Detailed History: Gathering a comprehensive history, including the individual’s medical history, cognitive status, and any pre-existing conditions that might impact their decision-making.

• Cognitive Assessment: Administering standardized cognitive tests to assess their level of cognitive functioning. These tests help objectively assess different cognitive domains, such as memory, attention, and executive functions.

• Clinical Interview: Engaging in a detailed clinical interview tailored to the specific decision at hand. This involves presenting the relevant information in a clear and understandable manner, observing their ability to process this information, and assessing their understanding of potential consequences.

• Observation: Observing the individual’s behavior in different contexts to assess their consistency in decision-making.

• Collateral Information: Gathering information from family members, caregivers, or other healthcare professionals who have observed the individual’s behavior and functioning over time.

The assessment is not about judging the ‘wisdom’ of their choice, but rather determining their ability to make a choice at all. For example, a person might choose a treatment option that I don’t personally agree with, but if they understand the risks and benefits and can communicate their choice, then their capacity is intact.

The legal and ethical implications of assessing capacity are significant. Capacity assessments are crucial in determining an individual’s ability to make informed decisions about their healthcare, finances, and living arrangements. Decisions made without proper capacity assessment can have serious legal and ethical consequences.

• Legal Implications: Inaccurate or incomplete assessments can lead to legal challenges, particularly regarding the validity of wills, financial transactions, or healthcare directives. The assessment must meet legal standards, and thorough documentation is crucial to defend against any potential legal challenges. Decisions regarding guardianship or conservatorship often hinge on capacity assessments.

• Ethical Implications: Respecting an individual’s autonomy and right to self-determination is paramount. It’s ethically crucial to ensure that assessments are conducted with sensitivity, respect, and cultural competence. Individuals have the right to refuse treatment, even if it is deemed medically necessary, provided they possess the capacity to make that decision. We must carefully balance protecting vulnerable adults with respecting their autonomy. This often involves navigating difficult situations with compassion and an understanding that even diminished capacity doesn’t negate a person’s right to dignity and respect.

It is imperative that the process is transparent and that the individual understands the implications of the assessment. Informed consent is essential, even if a surrogate decision-maker is involved.

Family and caregivers play an indispensable role in the treatment of older adults. They are often the primary source of support, providing emotional comfort, practical assistance, and consistent care. Their involvement is essential for successful treatment outcomes.

• Providing Support: Family members and caregivers often provide critical support during challenging times, offering emotional support, helping with daily tasks, and ensuring medication adherence.

• Sharing Information: They can provide valuable information about the individual’s history, personality, and preferences, which can inform the assessment and treatment planning. They can observe changes in behavior or cognitive function and relay crucial information to the healthcare team.

• Participating in Treatment: Caregivers often learn techniques to manage behavioral challenges, such as managing agitation or anxiety, at home. Involving them in therapy sessions can enhance their understanding of the individual’s needs and promote consistent care across settings.

• Advocacy: Family members can act as advocates for the older adult, ensuring their needs are met and that they receive appropriate care.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that caregiving can be emotionally and physically demanding. Providing support and resources to caregivers is equally crucial for their well-being and to ensure the sustainability of care. Burnout prevention strategies for caregivers should be a part of the overall care plan.

Incorporating patient preferences is fundamental to ethical and effective treatment planning. It’s not just about following clinical guidelines; it’s about understanding the individual’s values, goals, and wishes. This is particularly crucial with older adults who may have developed strong preferences over their lifetime.

My approach involves:

• Shared Decision-Making: I actively involve the patient (and their family/caregivers, as appropriate) in the decision-making process. I present different treatment options, clearly outlining the potential benefits and risks of each. This process respects their autonomy and empowers them to make informed choices.

• Understanding Values and Goals: I explore their personal values, goals, and priorities. What matters most to them? What are their hopes for the future? This helps tailor the treatment plan to align with their individual needs and preferences. For instance, an older adult prioritizing independence might be more receptive to therapies focusing on maintaining functional abilities, rather than those emphasizing dependence.

• Assessing Capacity: Before initiating any treatment plan, I ensure that they have the capacity to understand the information and make informed decisions. If capacity is compromised, I work with legal guardians or surrogates to make decisions in the patient’s best interests.

• Regular Feedback and Adjustment: The treatment plan is not static. I regularly check in with the patient and their family to assess the effectiveness of the plan and make adjustments based on their feedback and evolving needs.

Remember, patient preferences are not always easily discerned, particularly in individuals with cognitive impairment. Careful observation and communication with family members are vital.

Working in geriatric psychology can be incredibly rewarding, but also intensely demanding. Managing stress and preventing burnout is crucial for maintaining both professional effectiveness and personal well-being. My strategies include:

• Self-Care: Prioritizing activities that promote physical and mental well-being, including regular exercise, sufficient sleep, a healthy diet, and engaging in hobbies outside of work.

• Mindfulness and Stress Reduction Techniques: Practicing mindfulness meditation or other stress-reduction techniques to manage daily pressures. This helps me to stay centered and approach challenges with a calm and focused mind.

• Setting Boundaries: Establishing clear boundaries between work and personal life. This might involve disconnecting from work emails and calls outside of work hours and allocating specific time for relaxation and recreation.

• Seeking Support: Connecting with colleagues, supervisors, or mentors for support and guidance. Sharing experiences and challenges can help reduce feelings of isolation and stress.

• Professional Development: Engaging in continuing education and professional development opportunities to maintain my skills and knowledge, and to enhance my ability to cope with the demands of the job.

• Supervision: Regularly engaging in clinical supervision to discuss challenging cases and receive feedback to improve my practice.

Recognizing signs of burnout and seeking help when needed are crucial for long-term sustainability in this field. It’s not a sign of weakness; it’s a sign of self-awareness and professional responsibility.

My research experience in geriatric psychology centers around understanding and improving the lives of older adults, particularly those with cognitive impairment. I have been involved in several projects, focusing primarily on:

• Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for behavioral disturbances in dementia: A recent project investigated the effectiveness of a tailored sensory intervention program in reducing agitation and aggression in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. We used a randomized controlled trial design, comparing the intervention group to a control group receiving standard care. The findings suggested that the sensory intervention was associated with a significant reduction in behavioral disturbances, suggesting its potential as a valuable addition to standard care.

• Improving capacity assessment tools: I have been involved in developing and validating a new instrument for assessing capacity in individuals with dementia, which considers both cognitive abilities and functional abilities. The aim is to provide a more comprehensive and nuanced assessment of capacity, moving beyond simplistic measures.

• Caregiver burden and support systems: I am currently exploring the effectiveness of various support interventions for caregivers of individuals with dementia. This project looks at different support models, including in-home support, respite care, and educational programs, to determine the most effective approaches in reducing caregiver burden and improving caregiver well-being.

My research interests lie in translating research findings into practical, evidence-based interventions that can be implemented in clinical settings to improve the quality of life for older adults and their families.