Interview Questions for Adult Allergy Management

Diagnosing and managing allergic rhinitis in adults involves a thorough history, physical examination, and often, allergy testing. The history focuses on identifying characteristic symptoms like sneezing, runny nose, nasal congestion, and itchy eyes, along with potential triggers like pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or mold. A physical exam assesses the nasal mucosa for inflammation and discharge.

Management strategies are tailored to the individual’s needs and severity of symptoms. This often involves allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy, and in some cases, immunotherapy. Avoidance strategies might include using air purifiers, washing bedding frequently, and avoiding known triggers. Pharmacotherapy may include intranasal corticosteroids (like fluticasone or mometasone) for inflammation, antihistamines (like cetirizine or fexofenadine) to combat itching and sneezing, and decongestants (like pseudoephedrine) for nasal congestion, always considering potential side effects and interactions. For example, a patient with moderate allergic rhinitis and seasonal pollen allergies might benefit from a combination of intranasal corticosteroids and a non-drowsy antihistamine during pollen season.

I always emphasize patient education and empower them to actively participate in their care. A well-informed patient is better equipped to manage their symptoms and avoid triggers.

Skin prick testing is a quick and relatively inexpensive method for identifying allergens. A small amount of allergen extract is pricked onto the skin’s surface, usually on the forearm. We observe the area for a wheal (a raised, itchy bump) and flare (redness) after 15-20 minutes. The size of the wheal is compared to a negative control (saline solution) and a positive control (histamine). A larger wheal than the negative control indicates a positive reaction, suggesting an allergy to that specific allergen.

Interpretation requires careful consideration. The size of the wheal correlates with the severity of the allergic reaction, but it doesn’t predict the clinical significance. For example, a large wheal to cat dander doesn’t automatically mean the patient will have severe anaphylaxis if exposed. Clinically relevant allergies are diagnosed considering the history, physical findings, and skin prick test results. False positives and negatives are possible, so clinical judgment is crucial. A negative skin prick test doesn’t entirely rule out an allergy, and further testing (like blood tests) may be needed in certain situations.

Differentiating between allergic and non-allergic rhinitis requires a careful evaluation of the patient’s history and symptoms. Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated immune response to specific allergens, leading to characteristic symptoms like sneezing, itchy nose, eyes, and palate, and often a clear, watery rhinorrhea. Non-allergic rhinitis, on the other hand, encompasses a variety of conditions without IgE involvement, such as vasomotor rhinitis (triggered by irritants or temperature changes), hormonal changes, or medication-induced rhinitis.

Key differences lie in the symptom profile. Allergic rhinitis is often seasonal or perennial and linked to specific allergens. Non-allergic rhinitis may be less predictable and lack the itch. Allergy testing (skin prick testing or blood tests) is usually positive in allergic rhinitis but negative in non-allergic rhinitis. Careful history taking, identifying the temporal relationship of symptoms to potential triggers, and allergy testing are essential tools in making this distinction. For example, a patient reporting nasal congestion only in cold weather and not associated with itching suggests non-allergic rhinitis.

Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening, systemic allergic reaction requiring immediate intervention. Management follows the ‘ABCs’ of emergency care: Airway, Breathing, Circulation. Immediate treatment begins with administering epinephrine intramuscularly (into the thigh), followed by oxygen supplementation and placing the patient in a supine position with their legs elevated. Intravenous fluids are often given to maintain blood pressure.

After stabilization, close monitoring is crucial. Continuous monitoring of vital signs, including blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation is necessary. Further supportive measures may include bronchodilators for airway constriction, antihistamines and corticosteroids to manage inflammation, and potentially intubation if airway compromise persists. Follow-up care involves comprehensive allergy testing to identify the trigger, development of an action plan to prevent future occurrences (including carrying an epinephrine auto-injector and instructions for use), and patient education about recognizing and managing symptoms.

Adult asthma exacerbations are often triggered by a combination of factors, including respiratory infections (viral or bacterial), allergens (pollen, dust mites, pet dander), irritants (smoke, air pollution), and exercise. Some medications, such as beta-blockers, can also worsen asthma. Identifying and managing these triggers is crucial for preventing exacerbations. This involves allergen control measures (like avoiding exposure to triggers, air purifiers, regular cleaning), effective use of inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, and using long-acting beta2-agonists for bronchodilation.

A detailed assessment of the patient’s history, including frequency and severity of exacerbations, triggers, and current medication use is critical. Appropriate pharmacotherapy is tailored to the individual’s needs, ranging from short-acting beta2-agonists for quick relief of symptoms to long-term controllers such as inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists for preventing exacerbations. Regular spirometry to monitor lung function and patient education about self-management strategies, including recognizing warning signs and using rescue inhalers are very important.

Diagnosing food allergies in adults starts with a thorough history, including details of symptoms (urticaria, angioedema, gastrointestinal problems, respiratory distress), timing of symptoms after food consumption, and the suspected food. Skin prick testing and blood tests (specific IgE testing) are then used to identify potential allergens. A positive skin prick test or high levels of specific IgE do not always indicate a clinical allergy, so a carefully guided food challenge—under supervised medical conditions— is often the gold standard for confirming a diagnosis. The challenge involves the gradual introduction of increasing amounts of the suspected allergen and observing for any reactions.

Management revolves around strict avoidance of the offending food. This includes carefully reading food labels, avoiding cross-contamination, and having an emergency plan in place in case accidental ingestion occurs. Patient education is extremely important, involving meticulous avoidance strategies, instruction on epinephrine auto-injector use, and recognizing the signs of a reaction. For example, a patient diagnosed with a peanut allergy needs thorough education on reading labels and recognizing hidden sources of peanuts in processed foods.

Immunotherapy, also known as allergy shots or sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), aims to modify the immune system’s response to allergens. It involves gradually increasing doses of allergen extracts administered either via subcutaneous injections (allergy shots) or sublingually (under the tongue). The goal is to desensitize the patient to the allergen, reducing the severity of allergic reactions over time. This is particularly useful for conditions like allergic rhinitis, asthma, and insect sting allergies.

Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is typically administered in a clinic setting, requiring regular visits for injections. SLIT offers convenience and can be self-administered. The process usually involves an initial up-dosing phase to build tolerance, followed by a maintenance phase of regular doses. While generally well-tolerated, immunotherapy can cause local reactions at the injection site (SCIT) or oral reactions (SLIT), and occasionally, more systemic reactions. Close monitoring during the process is essential, and patients must be aware of potential side effects and emergency procedures. It’s important to note that immunotherapy is not a quick fix and requires a significant time commitment. The benefits can be long-lasting, however, leading to sustained relief from allergy symptoms.

Counseling patients on allergen avoidance is crucial for managing allergic diseases. It’s a personalized process, starting with identifying the specific allergens triggering their symptoms. This often involves a thorough review of their history, allergy testing results, and current symptoms.

For instance, a patient with a cat allergy might need to avoid contact with cats entirely. This could involve refraining from visits to homes with cats, avoiding stroking cats in public areas, and even ensuring their own home is cat-free. We discuss practical strategies: frequent and thorough cleaning, regular vacuuming, and use of HEPA filters.

For pollen allergies, we advise checking pollen counts daily, staying indoors on high-pollen days, using air conditioning, showering and changing clothes after being outdoors, and using saline nasal rinses to flush pollen from the nasal passages. We also educate patients on identifying and avoiding their triggers, like specific foods or environmental factors, and provide written instructions. Remember, realistic avoidance is key – complete avoidance isn’t always possible, so we focus on reducing exposure as much as feasible.

Several medication classes effectively treat allergic symptoms.

• Antihistamines: These block histamine, a chemical released during allergic reactions, reducing symptoms like sneezing, itching, and runny nose. Cetirizine, fexofenadine, and loratadine are examples of non-drowsy antihistamines, while diphenhydramine can cause drowsiness.
• Decongestants: These shrink swollen nasal membranes, relieving congestion. Pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine are common options, but prolonged use can lead to rebound congestion.
• Intranasal Corticosteroids: These are very effective for nasal allergies; they reduce inflammation in the nasal passages. Fluticasone, mometasone, and beclomethasone are examples, and are generally well-tolerated.
• Leukotriene Modifiers: Montelukast and zafirlukast block leukotrienes, inflammatory chemicals involved in asthma and allergic rhinitis, providing long-term control of symptoms.
• Epinephrine (Adrenaline): This is a life-saving medication for severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). It’s administered via an auto-injector (EpiPen) and should be carried by individuals at risk.

The choice of medication depends on the severity and type of allergy, and always considers patient factors like other medical conditions and potential drug interactions. For example, a patient with mild allergic rhinitis might only need an antihistamine, whereas someone with severe asthma might require a combination of inhaled corticosteroids, a long-acting beta-agonist, and possibly a leukotriene modifier.

Interpreting allergy test results requires a holistic approach, combining test findings with the patient’s medical history and clinical presentation. Skin prick tests (SPTs) and blood tests (RAST or ImmunoCAP) are commonly used. A positive SPT or elevated IgE levels in a blood test indicate sensitization to an allergen, meaning the immune system has reacted to it. However, this doesn’t automatically mean the allergen is causing the patient’s symptoms.

For example, a patient with a positive SPT to cat dander may not have cat allergy symptoms if they don’t have contact with cats. Conversely, a patient with significant symptoms (e.g., severe rhinitis or asthma) but negative test results might have a non-IgE-mediated allergy or another underlying condition. A detailed patient history, including the timing of symptoms relative to allergen exposure, is essential. Sometimes, challenge tests (controlled exposure to suspected allergens) might be needed for clarification in ambiguous cases.

Spirometry is a crucial tool in evaluating respiratory allergies, particularly asthma. It measures lung function by assessing how much air a person can inhale and exhale, and how quickly they can do so. Results provide insights into airway obstruction, a hallmark of asthma exacerbations often triggered by allergens.

Before spirometry, we ask patients about their symptoms and any triggers. During the test, the patient breathes into a device called a spirometer, which measures various parameters like Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). A reduced FEV1/FVC ratio suggests airway obstruction. Spirometry can track the effectiveness of treatment by measuring improvements in lung function. For example, if a patient’s FEV1 significantly improves after using an inhaled corticosteroid, it supports the diagnosis of allergy-induced asthma.

Environmental control plays a vital role in managing allergic diseases. It focuses on minimizing exposure to known allergens in the patient’s surroundings. This is highly effective in reducing symptom severity and improving quality of life.

• Dust mite control: Encase mattresses and pillows in allergen-impermeable covers, wash bedding weekly in hot water, use low-allergen bedding, and regularly vacuum and dust surfaces.
• Pet allergen control: Avoid keeping pets indoors if feasible, bathe pets regularly, and use HEPA filters. Frequent cleaning and removal of pet bedding are important.
• Mold control: Use dehumidifiers to keep humidity levels low, fix leaky roofs and pipes, and clean up areas with visible mold growth.
• Pollen control: Use air conditioning, keep windows closed during high-pollen seasons, shower and change clothes after being outdoors.

These measures aren’t always sufficient, especially in severe allergies, but they significantly reduce allergen load, leading to better symptom control and reduced medication needs. It’s essential to counsel patients on the importance of consistent application of these measures and tailor them to individual needs and environments.

Advancements in allergy diagnosis and treatment have revolutionized patient care.

• Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT): This involves taking allergen extracts under the tongue, offering a convenient alternative to injections for some allergies.
• Omalizumab: This monoclonal antibody targets IgE, significantly reducing allergic symptoms in patients with moderate to severe asthma or chronic urticaria.
• Biologics: Several newer biologic agents are targeting specific inflammatory pathways in allergic diseases, offering novel treatment options for patients with severe, treatment-resistant allergies.
• Advanced diagnostic tools: Improved allergy testing methods, including molecular diagnostics, offer greater precision in identifying specific allergens.

Research continues to explore new therapies, including gene therapy and personalized medicine approaches, promising even more effective and targeted treatments in the future. This is leading to a better understanding of allergy mechanisms and more tailored approaches for improved patient outcomes.

Managing patients with comorbid conditions alongside allergic diseases requires a careful and integrated approach. Many conditions coexist with allergies, such as asthma, eczema, and sinusitis. It’s crucial to recognize that these conditions can exacerbate each other.

For example, a patient with both asthma and allergic rhinitis might experience worsening asthma symptoms triggered by allergen exposure, requiring adjustments in asthma management. The treatment plan must consider all conditions. Medications must be carefully selected to avoid interactions, and we need to ensure the treatment for one condition doesn’t negatively affect another. Close monitoring of the patient’s overall condition is essential. Regular check-ups and open communication are paramount to ensuring optimal management of all health issues. This integrated approach results in better symptom control and overall improved well-being for the patient.

Managing drug allergies requires a meticulous approach combining detailed history taking, careful medication reconciliation, and risk assessment. I begin by thoroughly reviewing a patient’s medication history, including over-the-counter drugs, supplements, and herbal remedies. This helps identify potential culprits for previous allergic reactions. I then use validated allergy assessment tools, considering both the patient’s reported symptoms and the temporal relationship between drug exposure and reaction onset.

For example, a patient reporting hives and shortness of breath after penicillin use necessitates a detailed investigation, potentially including allergy testing. My approach also involves considering cross-reactivity; a penicillin allergy might indicate a higher risk of reaction to other beta-lactam antibiotics. I always emphasize the importance of precise documentation, as misidentification of a drug allergy can have severe consequences. If a drug allergy is confirmed, I collaborate with the patient to develop a comprehensive avoidance strategy and discuss alternative medications with similar therapeutic effects.

In situations of uncertain allergy, I might explore desensitization protocols under strict medical supervision, but this is carefully weighed against the risks and benefits. Patient education is crucial; I explain the importance of carrying an allergy alert card and wearing a medical alert bracelet, clearly stating the offending drug and the nature of the allergic reaction.

Documenting and communicating allergy information is paramount for patient safety. I use a standardized, clear, and concise format in both the patient’s chart and any allergy alert systems. This includes specifying the allergen (e.g., ‘Penicillin G,’ not just ‘Penicillin’), the type of reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis, urticaria), the severity of the reaction, and the date of the reaction.

For example, I would document: “Allergy to Penicillin G: Anaphylaxis, characterized by angioedema, hypotension, and respiratory distress, occurring on 01/15/2024.” I utilize both the patient’s electronic health record (EHR) and, critically, a standardized allergy alert bracelet or card to ensure clear communication with all healthcare providers, regardless of the setting (e.g., hospital, emergency room, or clinic).

I always discuss the allergy with the patient, ensuring they understand the implications and the steps to avoid future exposures. I provide patients with written instructions, which reiterate the key points and explain what to do in case of accidental exposure. Clear communication with other healthcare providers might involve phone calls, faxes, or secure messaging platforms, depending on the urgency and nature of the situation. Transparency and meticulous detail are essential components of effective allergy management communication.

Managing a severe allergic reaction requires immediate and decisive action. My initial priority is to ensure the patient’s airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs). This often involves administering intramuscular epinephrine (adrenaline), the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis.

The steps are typically: 1) Call for emergency medical assistance immediately (911 or equivalent). 2) Administer epinephrine according to the established protocol (dose adjusted by weight and age), and consider repeated doses if needed (under supervision of emergency medical services). 3) Assess vital signs regularly and monitor for signs of respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse. 4) Place the patient in a supine position with legs elevated (to help maintain blood flow). 5) Administer supplemental oxygen. 6) Initiate intravenous access for fluid resuscitation. 7) Monitor continuously and manage any complications that may arise. Post-anaphylaxis, I arrange for admission to the hospital to monitor for recurrent reactions or late-phase symptoms, as anaphylaxis can have biphasic responses. Patient education and a detailed discharge plan are critical to prevent future occurrences. I would also complete a detailed incident report in the patient’s record.

Hypersensitivity reactions are classified into four main types according to the Gell and Coombs classification:

• Type I (Immediate): IgE-mediated, characterized by rapid onset (minutes to hours) reactions. Examples include allergic rhinitis, asthma, urticaria, and anaphylaxis. The allergen triggers mast cell and basophil degranulation, releasing histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
• Type II (Cytotoxic): IgG or IgM antibodies bind to antigens on cell surfaces, leading to cell destruction. Examples include autoimmune hemolytic anemia and some drug reactions.
• Type III (Immune Complex): Antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues, triggering inflammation. Examples include serum sickness and some types of vasculitis.
• Type IV (Delayed): Cell-mediated, T-cell driven, with a delayed onset (hours to days). Examples include contact dermatitis (e.g., poison ivy) and tuberculin skin test reactions.

Understanding these types is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and management. For instance, the treatment for a Type I reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) differs significantly from that for a Type IV reaction (e.g., contact dermatitis).

Shared decision-making is fundamental in allergy management. It empowers patients to actively participate in their care, leading to better adherence and outcomes. I begin by providing patients with clear, accessible information about their condition, including potential diagnostic tests, treatment options, and their benefits and risks. We then discuss the patient’s preferences, values, and concerns, considering their lifestyle, work, and social circumstances.

For example, a patient with allergic rhinitis might prefer oral medication over nasal sprays for convenience, while another might prioritize minimizing side effects. I would explain the pros and cons of each choice, and together we decide on the most suitable management plan. This collaborative approach builds trust, improves patient satisfaction, and results in a more personalized and effective treatment strategy. Open communication and mutual respect are key to successful shared decision-making. It’s not just about the doctor deciding the plan, but about understanding and meeting the patients’ needs within the context of evidence-based medical care.

Addressing patient concerns and anxieties related to allergies is a crucial part of my practice. Many patients experience significant fear and uncertainty about their condition, especially those with severe allergies like anaphylaxis. I start by actively listening to their concerns, validating their feelings, and acknowledging the impact allergies have on their lives.

I often use simple analogies to explain complex concepts, answer questions patiently, and provide clear, actionable information. For example, I might explain anaphylaxis as a “whole-body emergency,” emphasizing the importance of prompt treatment. I might also discuss strategies for allergy avoidance (e.g., reading food labels carefully, carrying an epinephrine auto-injector), helping them develop coping mechanisms, and referring them to support groups or resources if needed. Providing personalized strategies and addressing their fears proactively increases patient confidence and contributes significantly to improved outcomes. Reassurance and proactive communication are crucial for helping patients regain control and manage their anxieties.

I have extensive experience using allergy management software and electronic health records (EHRs) to improve efficiency and patient safety. The EHR allows for centralized storage and retrieval of allergy information, ensuring consistency across various healthcare settings. Specialized allergy management software often integrates with EHRs, providing features like allergy alert flagging, medication interaction checks, and reporting tools.

For example, when prescribing medication, the software flags potential drug interactions and alerts me to any known allergies in the patient’s record. This minimizes the risk of prescribing a potentially harmful medication. Furthermore, these systems enable seamless communication with other healthcare professionals, ensuring a unified and comprehensive approach to allergy management. Data tracking and reporting functionality are useful for evaluating the effectiveness of allergy management strategies and identifying trends in patient outcomes. While technology assists greatly, it is still crucial to supplement it with comprehensive clinical judgment and face-to-face patient interaction.

Staying current in the rapidly evolving field of allergy and immunology requires a multi-pronged approach. I regularly subscribe to and actively read leading journals such as the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology and the Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. These publications provide the latest research findings and clinical trial data. Furthermore, I actively participate in continuing medical education (CME) activities, attending conferences like those organized by the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). These conferences offer invaluable opportunities to network with colleagues and learn about the newest advancements and treatment protocols directly from leading experts. Membership in professional organizations like the AAAAI also provides access to updated guidelines, practice parameters, and online resources. Finally, I maintain a robust network of colleagues and mentors with whom I regularly discuss complex cases and emerging trends.

Assessing the risk of severe allergic reactions involves a thorough patient history and physical examination. We look for a history of previous reactions, including the type of allergen, the severity of the reaction (e.g., hives, angioedema, anaphylaxis), and the time course of the reaction. The presence of any comorbidities, particularly cardiovascular or respiratory issues, is crucial to consider. We also utilize tools like the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines and the AAAAI/American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI) guidelines, which provide risk stratification for severe allergic reactions. For instance, a patient with a history of anaphylaxis following a bee sting would be considered high-risk, requiring education on emergency epinephrine auto-injectors and a detailed action plan. In contrast, a patient with mild eczema and only occasional mild rhinitis would be considered low-risk. Skin prick tests and other allergy tests, such as blood tests (RAST), can also help determine the specific allergens and level of sensitivity. A careful, individualized assessment is essential to ensure patient safety.

Chronic urticaria, characterized by persistent hives, is managed through a combination of strategies. First, a thorough evaluation is needed to rule out underlying causes such as autoimmune diseases or infections. Second-line treatments are then tailored to the patient’s response. This often begins with second-generation H1 antihistamines, such as cetirizine or levocetirizine, often at higher than the usual therapeutic dose. If symptoms persist despite this, I may add other medications such as H2 antihistamines (e.g., ranitidine) or omalizumab (a monoclonal antibody targeting IgE), particularly in patients with severe symptoms. In some cases, leukotriene inhibitors or cyclosporine are considered. The approach is highly individualized, guided by the patient’s symptoms, response to treatment, and presence of any comorbidities. Regular monitoring of symptoms and adjustments in treatment are crucial for optimal management. Furthermore, patient education regarding trigger identification and avoidance is essential for long-term success.

Many allergy medications can interact with other drugs. For example, some antihistamines can have sedative effects, potentially exacerbating the drowsiness caused by other medications or alcohol. Furthermore, certain medications, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), can increase the levels of some allergy medications, potentially leading to increased side effects. Conversely, some medications can decrease the effectiveness of allergy medications. It’s crucial to obtain a complete medication list from the patient and review for potential interactions. This involves reviewing the patient’s chart for any prescriptions, over-the-counter medications, herbal supplements, and even recreational drug use. I always consult drug interaction databases (like Micromedex or Lexi-Comp) to assess potential risks. Clear communication with patients about potential interactions and the need for close monitoring is also vital.

Managing patients with occupational allergies requires a multidisciplinary approach. This often involves a detailed occupational history to identify potential workplace allergens, such as latex, chemicals, or certain types of dust. Skin prick testing or specific IgE testing can confirm the allergen. The management strategy then focuses on reducing or eliminating exposure to the allergen. This might involve engineering controls in the workplace, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), or job relocation if exposure can’t be effectively controlled. Collaboration with occupational health professionals and the employer is crucial. In some cases, immunotherapy may be considered, but this is carefully assessed on a case-by-case basis. Regular monitoring of the patient’s condition is important to ensure the effectiveness of the implemented strategies and identify any new issues. For example, I recently worked with a hairdresser who developed a contact dermatitis from a hair dye. By working with her employer to provide her with hypoallergenic alternatives and implementing strict skin protection protocols, we were able to successfully manage her condition.

Angioedema, characterized by swelling of the deeper layers of the skin, requires prompt diagnosis and management. The first step involves differentiating between allergic angioedema (often associated with urticaria and related to IgE-mediated responses) and non-allergic angioedema (which can be associated with ACE inhibitors, hereditary angioedema, or other factors). This requires a careful history, physical examination, and possibly laboratory testing, depending on the clinical suspicion. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause. For allergic angioedema, antihistamines and corticosteroids are usually effective. In cases of severe angioedema, particularly if involving the airway, immediate treatment with epinephrine and airway management are life-saving interventions. For hereditary angioedema, specific therapies like icatibant or C1 esterase inhibitor concentrates are crucial. Close monitoring of the patient’s condition is essential, and prompt referral to specialists may be necessary depending on the severity and complexity of the case.

Genetics play a significant role in allergic diseases. Individuals with a family history of allergies, asthma, or eczema have a significantly increased risk of developing these conditions themselves. While specific genes responsible for allergies haven’t been completely identified, research has implicated genes related to immune regulation and inflammation. This genetic predisposition, however, doesn’t automatically mean an individual will develop allergies; environmental factors, such as exposure to allergens and pollutants, significantly influence the development of the disease. Understanding the genetic component is crucial for risk assessment and personalized prevention strategies. For example, children with a strong family history of allergies might benefit from early intervention strategies, like allergen avoidance or early introduction of potential allergens.