Interview Questions for PVC Roofing

PVC roofing membranes primarily come in two types: single-ply and reinforced membranes. Single-ply membranes are simpler, consisting of a single layer of PVC. Think of it like a thick, durable vinyl sheet. They’re suitable for simpler roofs. Reinforced membranes, on the other hand, have an embedded reinforcing fabric, typically polyester, within the PVC layer. This reinforcement dramatically increases the membrane’s tensile strength and puncture resistance, making them ideal for larger, more complex, or high-traffic roofs. Imagine it like adding a strong mesh to your vinyl sheet for extra support. The choice between these depends heavily on the project specifications and the roof’s anticipated load and stress.

• Single-ply PVC: Cost-effective for smaller, less demanding applications.
• Reinforced PVC: Offers superior durability and strength for larger projects and high-stress environments.

Installing a PVC roofing system is a meticulous process requiring skilled labor and precision. It generally follows these steps:

1. Substrate Preparation: This is crucial. The existing roof deck must be clean, dry, and structurally sound. Any debris, loose materials, or damaged areas must be addressed. Think of it like preparing a canvas before painting a masterpiece.
2. Fastening and Base Sheet Installation: A base sheet, usually a reinforced felt, is often laid down to provide an additional layer of protection and enhance the adhesion of the PVC membrane. This acts as a buffer and ensures smooth application.
3. Membrane Installation: Large sheets of PVC membrane are carefully rolled out and overlapped, ensuring consistent and proper seaming. We use precise measurements and strategically plan the placement of seams to minimize waste and maximize efficiency.
4. Seaming: This is where expertise is truly critical. Seams are welded together using hot air welding equipment, creating a watertight seal. The process requires careful control of temperature and pressure to achieve a flawless bond. Think of it like welding two pieces of metal but with specialized equipment and a plastic material.
5. Flashing and Detailing: Critical areas like penetrations (pipes, vents), edges, and valleys require careful detailing using flashings—specialized PVC components that ensure watertight seals around these critical points. It’s like sealing the cracks in a dam to prevent leaks.
6. Final Inspection: A thorough inspection checks for any gaps, wrinkles, or areas needing attention, ensuring a completely sealed and durable roof system.

PVC roofing offers several advantages over traditional materials such as asphalt shingles or EPDM rubber. It’s incredibly durable, resistant to punctures, and boasts a long lifespan – often exceeding 20 years. Furthermore, PVC offers superior reflectivity, helping to keep buildings cool and reducing energy costs. However, it’s more expensive upfront than some alternatives, and specialized equipment and skilled labor are needed for installation. Proper maintenance is also important. Let’s look at a comparison:

• Advantages: Long lifespan, high durability, reflectivity (energy savings), seamless design, wide variety of colors.
• Disadvantages: Higher initial cost, specialized installation techniques, potential for damage from sharp objects, requires specialized cleaning and maintenance.

For example, while asphalt shingles might need replacement every 15-20 years, a properly installed and maintained PVC roof can easily last over 30 years, offsetting the higher initial investment over the long run.

Proper adhesion of PVC seams is critical for a leak-proof roof. This is achieved primarily through hot air welding. A specialized hot air welder melts the edges of overlapping PVC sheets, fusing them together to create a homogenous, watertight seam. The process requires precise temperature control and consistent pressure to ensure a strong, durable bond. Prior to welding, the surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned to remove any dirt, dust, or debris that could compromise the weld. We also check for proper overlap to ensure enough material for a robust weld. Furthermore, the welder must have the correct settings based on the specific thickness and type of PVC membrane being used. Think of it like soldering electronics; you need the right tools and temperature for a clean connection. Improper adhesion is a frequent source of failure, so we meticulously follow industry best practices for every seam.

PVC roofing failures are often preventable with proper installation and maintenance. Common causes include:

• Poor Seam Welding: Improper temperature control, insufficient pressure, or unclean surfaces during welding can lead to weak or leaky seams.
• Punctures and Tears: Sharp objects, falling debris, or foot traffic can damage the membrane. We advise implementing fall protection measures and cautionary steps during installation and maintenance.
• Improper Flashing: Inadequate or incorrectly installed flashings around penetrations and edges can cause leaks.
• Substrate Issues: An unstable or improperly prepared roof deck can lead to membrane failure over time. The base has to be as strong as the roof itself.
• UV Degradation: Prolonged exposure to sunlight can degrade the PVC membrane. While PVC is UV resistant, it’s not indestructible. Regular inspection and cleaning help to minimize this.

Regular inspections, ideally annually, can catch small problems before they become major failures. Early detection greatly minimizes repair costs and reduces the chance of significant damage.

Handling different roof slopes and complexities requires adaptable installation techniques and careful planning. For low-sloped roofs, proper drainage is paramount, and we ensure the membrane is installed with a consistent slope to prevent ponding water. On steeper roofs, additional fastening may be needed to secure the membrane, especially in high wind areas. Complex roof geometries, such as those with multiple valleys or hips, require meticulous detailing and the use of specialized flashings to ensure watertight seals at all intersections. Think of it like sculpting; you need to adapt your tools and techniques based on the form you are creating.

We often use detailed drawings and 3D models to visualize and plan the installation for complex roofs, ensuring that all critical details are carefully addressed before starting the work. This thorough planning minimizes on-site issues and ensures efficient and successful installation.

My experience encompasses various hot air welding techniques, including:

• Standard Hot Air Welding: This is the most common technique, involving fusing overlapping PVC sheets using a hot air welder. Control over the air flow and temperature is key.
• Automated Welding Systems: On larger projects, automated welding systems can improve speed and consistency, reducing human error. These systems typically guide and control the welding head for more uniform welds.
• Specialized Welding for Corners and Details: Certain applications, particularly around penetrations and complex angles, require specialized techniques and tools. These techniques focus on creating strong, watertight seals in challenging locations.

Beyond the specific techniques, my proficiency includes understanding the different types of PVC membranes and adapting welding parameters based on membrane thickness and material properties. Choosing the right technique and parameters is crucial for achieving long-lasting, durable welds. I’ve worked with both manual and automated systems, and have experience troubleshooting welding issues to ensure the highest quality.

Repairing damaged PVC roofing membranes requires a systematic approach. First, I thoroughly assess the damage, determining its extent and cause. This might involve punctures, tears, blistering, or general wear and tear. Then, I carefully clean the area around the damage, removing any debris or loose materials. For minor damage like small punctures, I use a specialized PVC patch kit, applying a strong adhesive designed specifically for PVC. For more extensive tears, I might need to cut out the damaged section and weld in a new piece of membrane using hot air welding equipment. This involves heating the edges of both the existing membrane and the patch until they soften and fuse seamlessly. After repair, I carefully check for leaks using a water test. I’ve repaired everything from small punctures caused by tree branches to larger rips caused by strong winds, always prioritizing a strong and lasting repair.

For example, on a recent project, a large tear in a PVC roof resulted from a fallen branch. After cleaning the area, I precisely cut out the damaged portion, ensuring a clean, square edge. Then I carefully welded in a replacement piece, creating a seamless and watertight repair.

Accurately determining material quantity for a PVC roofing project is crucial for efficient work and cost-effectiveness. I begin by carefully measuring the area to be covered. This isn’t just a simple length x width calculation; it often requires breaking the area into manageable sections accounting for various roof features such as valleys, hips, ridges and dormers. Then I add extra material for overlaps, accounting for at least 6 inches on all seams. I also factor in waste. It’s always better to have a little extra than to run short mid-project. For example, when working with a complex roof shape, I often create detailed scale drawings to visualize material placement and minimize waste. Further, the thickness of the membrane influences the amount needed. Thicker membranes mean less material is used overall.

Software programs can be used to accurately calculate the needed materials, by inputting the roof’s dimensions and complexities. These help to minimize material waste and provide accurate costing estimations.

Safety is paramount when working with PVC roofing materials and equipment. I always wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), including safety glasses, gloves, and sturdy work boots. Hot air welders generate significant heat and the fumes produced can be harmful; therefore, using proper ventilation, such as respirators and well-ventilated areas are very important. When working at heights, I employ fall protection systems, such as harnesses and safety lines, adhering strictly to all safety regulations. I also ensure the work area is properly secured to prevent accidents. Before starting any work, I conduct a thorough risk assessment, identifying and mitigating potential hazards.

For instance, when using hot air welders I ensure the area is well-ventilated and that I use respirators to prevent inhaling any harmful fumes. I also keep a fire extinguisher nearby and follow all manufacturer’s safety instructions for the equipment.

My experience with adhesives for PVC roofing includes a wide range of products, each suited to specific applications and conditions. I’m familiar with both solvent-based and water-based adhesives. Solvent-based adhesives provide a strong, quick bond, but require careful handling due to their volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Water-based adhesives are less harmful to the environment and have lower VOC emissions, though the bond might take a bit longer to set. The choice depends on the job’s specifics and any environmental concerns. I always ensure the adhesive is compatible with the PVC membrane and that the surface is properly prepared – clean, dry, and free of contaminants. Using the wrong adhesive or improper preparation can compromise the longevity and integrity of the roof.

I’ve used numerous brands and types of adhesives, carefully comparing performance based on factors such as curing time, bond strength, and environmental impact.

Heat welding and hot air welding are crucial techniques in PVC roofing, creating strong, waterproof seams. Heat welding involves using a specialized hot-air welder to melt the edges of the PVC membrane, allowing them to fuse together. This creates a virtually seamless bond with high tensile strength. Hot air welding offers greater precision and control, particularly for complex roof shapes. Before welding, the surfaces must be clean and free from debris. The welder’s temperature must be precisely controlled to avoid burning or weakening the membrane. Consistent speed and even pressure are vital for a successful weld. I regularly inspect the welds after completion, visually checking for any gaps or inconsistencies.

I’ve used both methods extensively, and experience shows that proper training and practice are key to achieving consistently high-quality welds. For instance, in high-wind conditions, using a heavier membrane and performing extra quality checks on the welds is a necessity.

Inspecting the substrate – the surface underneath the PVC membrane – is a critical first step in any PVC roofing project. A thorough inspection ensures the new roofing system will have a stable, long-lasting base. I check for any signs of damage, deterioration, or irregularities, such as cracks, holes, or loose debris. I also assess the substrate’s slope and drainage capabilities. Any existing problems, like water damage or structural issues, must be addressed before installation. I always document the inspection findings, including photographic evidence, to ensure a clear record of the substrate’s condition. This helps in avoiding future issues and facilitates warranty claims if needed.

For example, if I find significant water damage to the plywood substrate I would need to replace the affected areas, ensuring the substrate is completely sound and dry before proceeding with the PVC installation.

Maintaining a PVC roofing system involves regular inspections and proactive cleaning. Regular inspections, ideally twice a year, allow for early detection of potential problems, such as punctures, blisters, or loose seams. This is especially important after severe weather events. Cleaning the roof removes dirt, debris, and algae growth, helping to maintain the membrane’s integrity and extend its lifespan. I recommend using a soft brush and a low-pressure water rinse; high-pressure washers can damage the membrane. Any minor repairs should be addressed promptly to prevent larger, more expensive issues later on. Additionally, periodic checks of the fastening systems and drainage should be part of the maintenance plan to ensure everything is functioning correctly. Using these simple checks, you are investing in the long-term health and durability of the system.

Consider regular maintenance as preventative medicine for your roof; small issues fixed early prevent major, expensive problems down the road. Just like a doctor’s check-up for your body, a regular inspection of your roof protects your investment.

Managing a PVC roofing project within budget and timeframe requires meticulous planning and execution. It’s like orchestrating a symphony – every instrument (task) needs to play its part in harmony and on time.

• Detailed Pre-Project Planning: This is crucial. We start with a comprehensive survey, accurately measuring the roof area, identifying potential challenges (like complex angles or difficult access), and creating a detailed materials list. This allows us to obtain accurate quotes from suppliers and build a realistic budget.
• Realistic Scheduling: We break down the project into smaller, manageable tasks, assigning each a realistic timeframe, considering weather conditions and potential delays. Using project management software helps track progress and identify potential bottlenecks early on. For example, we might schedule the underlayment installation before the PVC membrane to ensure a smooth workflow.
• Efficient Crew Management: A well-trained and experienced team is essential. Clear communication and daily briefings ensure everyone understands their roles and responsibilities. We also maintain open lines of communication with the client, keeping them informed of progress and addressing any concerns promptly.
• Contingency Planning: Unexpected issues are inevitable. We build a contingency plan into the budget and schedule to account for potential problems like material shortages, equipment malfunctions, or unforeseen weather delays. For example, we allocate a percentage of the budget to cover unexpected repairs or material replacements.
• Regular Monitoring & Adjustment: We monitor progress regularly against the schedule and budget. Any deviations are promptly identified and addressed. This might involve adjusting the work schedule, negotiating with suppliers, or making minor design changes to stay within the allocated resources.

My experience encompasses a variety of fasteners used in PVC roofing, each with its strengths and weaknesses. The choice depends on factors like roof design, substrate, and manufacturer recommendations.

• Mechanical Fasteners: These are commonly used and include screws, nails, and cleats designed for PVC membranes. For instance, we frequently use self-tapping screws with corrosion-resistant coatings for enhanced durability and longevity. The selection hinges on the type of substrate – wood, metal, or concrete – and ensuring proper penetration for secure fastening. Incorrect fastening can lead to leaks or membrane damage.
• Adhesive Systems: Many PVC systems rely on adhesive bonding, which eliminates the need for mechanical fasteners, especially on low-slope roofs. This method often uses specialized polyurethane or other high-performance adhesives. Proper surface preparation is paramount here – a clean, dry surface is essential for optimal adhesion. Failure to adequately prepare the surface can result in poor bond strength and potential detachment of the membrane.
• Ballast Systems: These systems use gravel, pavers, or other weighty materials to hold the PVC membrane in place. While not directly fastening, they require a strong and stable base layer. We use this system less often, but it’s relevant for flat roofs with the capacity to hold the additional weight.

My expertise lies in selecting the appropriate fastener type based on the specific project requirements and ensuring proper installation to guarantee a leak-proof and durable roof.

Environmental considerations are paramount in any roofing project, and PVC roofing is no exception. We must consider the material’s lifecycle impact from manufacturing to disposal.

• Material Sourcing: Choosing PVC roofing from manufacturers committed to sustainable practices is key. This includes looking for products made with recycled content and those that meet stringent environmental standards.
• Manufacturing Emissions: PVC manufacturing involves the use of energy and potentially harmful chemicals. Therefore, opting for products with lower carbon footprints is vital. Understanding the manufacturer’s environmental certifications (like LEED) is crucial.
• Installation Practices: Minimizing waste during installation is critical. This includes careful planning to reduce material cuts and employing efficient installation techniques to prevent material damage. We always properly dispose of scraps to prevent environmental contamination.
• End-of-Life Management: PVC is not inherently biodegradable. Therefore, understanding and planning for its eventual removal and responsible disposal is crucial. This could involve recycling options offered by manufacturers or proper disposal through designated waste management facilities.
• VOC Emissions: Some adhesives and coatings used in conjunction with PVC can release volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We select low-VOC or VOC-free products to minimize air pollution during and after installation. Proper ventilation during installation is crucial to reduce the concentration of these gases.

Troubleshooting is a critical skill in PVC roofing. It’s like being a detective, carefully examining the clues to identify the root cause of the problem.

• Leaks: A common issue. We meticulously examine the seams, fasteners, and flashings for any gaps or damage. Thermal imaging can be invaluable in pinpointing the exact location of leaks that aren’t immediately visible. Repair involves cleaning the area, applying appropriate sealant, and re-fastening if necessary.
• Blisters or Bubbles: These can indicate trapped moisture or air under the membrane. We examine the substrate for issues like poor adhesion or trapped moisture that might have caused the problem during installation. Addressing the underlying cause and carefully puncturing and sealing the blister are key to resolving the issue.
• Seam Failures: This is often due to inadequate sealing or damage during installation. We carefully inspect the seam and re-seal it using appropriate adhesive and techniques. Maintaining proper temperature during the sealing process prevents issues later.
• Fastener Failures: This is typically caused by improper installation or using inappropriate fasteners. The solution is to remove the failed fasteners, carefully repair any damage to the membrane, and reinstall the correct fasteners.

A systematic approach, starting with a thorough visual inspection, followed by more advanced diagnostic tools like thermal imaging, is crucial for effective troubleshooting.

I have extensive experience working with several leading PVC roofing manufacturers, including CertainTeed, GAF, and Johns Manville. Each manufacturer has its own unique product lines, each with different properties and performance characteristics.

For example, I’ve worked extensively with CertainTeed’s TPO and PVC membrane systems, appreciating their durability and ease of installation. With GAF, I’ve had success using their EnergyGuard system, focusing on its energy-efficiency aspects. Johns Manville’s EDPM systems, while not strictly PVC, often occupy similar application spaces and have provided reliable performance. My familiarity extends beyond merely installation; I’m also conversant with their warranty programs and technical support offerings.

The key is understanding the specific characteristics of each manufacturer’s product—its thermal properties, UV resistance, and suitability for various roof types and climates—to ensure the optimal solution for a given project.

Underlayment plays a critical role in protecting the roof deck and providing a stable base for the PVC membrane. The selection of the correct underlayment depends on factors like the roof’s slope, the substrate material, and the climate.

• Synthetic Underlayments: These are popular choices, offering excellent water resistance and tear strength. We frequently use polyethylene or polypropylene underlayments, known for their durability and ease of installation. Their primary role is to prevent moisture intrusion into the roof structure.
• Modified Bitumen Underlayments: These offer a good balance of cost and performance, providing a strong vapor barrier and decent water resistance. We use these where the budget allows. They are particularly useful in areas prone to high winds.
• Smooth vs. Textured: The surface texture can influence the adhesion of the PVC membrane. Smooth underlayments are often preferred for some adhesive systems, while textured options offer increased friction, which can aid in certain installations.

Proper installation of underlayment is crucial to prevent premature membrane failure. Overlapping the sheets correctly and ensuring a proper seal at the seams prevents water penetration. Improper installation can compromise the entire roofing system.

Conflict resolution is a vital part of project management. It’s about finding solutions that satisfy all parties involved, ensuring the project progresses smoothly. On-site conflicts can arise from various sources, such as schedule disagreements, material discrepancies, or safety concerns.

• Open Communication: We encourage open communication between all stakeholders from the beginning. Regular meetings, clear instructions, and opportunities to voice concerns are key to minimizing misunderstandings.
• Problem Identification & Analysis: When conflicts arise, we work collaboratively to identify the root cause. This often involves getting all parties to clearly explain their perspective and concerns without making judgments.
• Mediation and Negotiation: As a project manager, I play a mediating role, helping to find mutually acceptable solutions. This may involve negotiating compromises, adjusting timelines, or seeking clarification on unclear instructions.
• Documentation: We maintain meticulous records of all conversations, agreements, and changes made to address the conflict. This helps to avoid future misunderstandings and provides evidence if needed.
• Escalation: In cases where resolution is not possible at the site level, we have established procedures to escalate the issue to higher management or, when necessary, legal counsel.

A proactive approach, emphasizing clear communication and respectful collaboration, is far more effective than reactive conflict management. It builds trust and fosters a more positive and productive work environment.

My experience encompasses a wide range of roof designs and structures, from simple low-slope applications to complex multi-faceted commercial buildings. I’ve worked on everything from single-family homes with gable roofs to large industrial facilities with intricate designs. This includes experience with various substrates like wood, steel, and concrete, requiring different approaches to preparation and installation. For example, working on a low-slope warehouse roof required careful attention to the proper installation of tapered insulation to ensure appropriate drainage, whereas a steeply pitched residential roof demanded precision in flashing and seam sealing. This diverse experience has allowed me to develop a strong understanding of how PVC membrane interacts with different structural elements and to adapt my techniques accordingly.

• Low-slope roofs: Mastering the intricacies of drainage systems and proper slope creation for efficient water runoff.
• Steep-slope roofs: Expertise in ensuring secure fastening and weathertight sealing of seams on more complex roof geometries.
• Complex structures: Experience working with parapets, skylights, and other architectural details, requiring specialized techniques and materials.

My quality control approach is multifaceted and begins even before installation. It involves a rigorous pre-installation inspection to ensure the substrate is properly prepared and meets the specifications for a successful PVC roofing system. During installation, I meticulously follow manufacturer guidelines, paying close attention to seam welding, fastener placement, and proper ventilation. I regularly conduct quality checks at key stages of the project. This includes using specialized tools like a seam welder to ensure each weld meets the required strength and integrity. After completion, a thorough final inspection verifies the system’s watertightness and overall quality, addressing any minor issues immediately.

• Pre-installation inspection: Checking substrate condition, slope, and drainage for compliance with design specifications.
• Ongoing quality checks: Regular monitoring of seam welds, fastener placement, and membrane integrity during installation.
• Post-installation inspection: A comprehensive final review to verify water tightness, ensuring the roof meets all quality standards.
• Documentation: Maintaining detailed records of materials used, installation procedures, and quality control checks.

Effective communication is crucial in this field. I prioritize clear, concise, and respectful communication with clients, subcontractors, and supervisors. With clients, I maintain open lines of communication, regularly updating them on project progress and addressing any concerns promptly. I use clear language, avoiding jargon where possible, and ensure they understand the process and expectations. With subcontractors, I establish clear expectations regarding timelines, quality standards, and safety protocols. With supervisors, I maintain open communication, reporting progress, challenges, and any necessary adjustments to the project plan.

• Regular updates: Providing clients with consistent progress reports using both verbal and written communication.
• Active listening: Engaging in attentive listening to understand concerns and address them effectively.
• Clear expectations: Establishing and communicating clear expectations with all parties involved.
• Conflict resolution: Addressing any disputes or conflicts in a professional and timely manner.

My experience with specialized tools and equipment for PVC roofing is extensive. I’m proficient in using various tools, including hot-air welders, specialized knives, and measuring instruments. Proper use of these tools is critical for achieving high-quality results. For instance, precision with the hot-air welder ensures strong and leak-free seams, while a sharp knife ensures clean cuts, crucial for preventing issues later. I also have experience using specialized testing equipment to verify the quality of the weld and membrane integrity. Safety is paramount, and I adhere strictly to all safety regulations when operating this equipment.

• Hot-air welders: Expertise in achieving consistent, high-quality welds.
• Specialized knives: Skillful in cutting PVC membrane cleanly and accurately.
• Measuring instruments: Proficiency in accurate measurement for proper material layout and installation.
• Testing equipment: Experience using equipment to verify weld quality and membrane integrity.

My understanding of building codes and regulations related to PVC roofing is thorough. I’m familiar with local, state, and national codes that govern roofing installation, including those concerning fire safety, wind resistance, and water tightness. I ensure that all aspects of the project comply with the relevant regulations. I regularly consult updated code books and attend industry seminars to stay abreast of any changes. This includes understanding the specific requirements for different types of PVC membranes and the appropriate installation methods for various applications. Prioritizing code compliance is vital for ensuring the longevity and safety of the installed roofing system.

• Local codes: Familiarity with specific regional regulations affecting roofing installations.
• National standards: Adherence to nationally recognized standards for PVC roofing systems.
• Safety regulations: Prioritization of safety measures during all phases of installation.
• Continuous learning: Staying up-to-date with the latest code updates and industry best practices.

Staying current with advancements in PVC roofing technology is an ongoing process. I achieve this by actively participating in industry associations, attending trade shows and conferences, and subscribing to relevant industry publications. I also maintain contact with manufacturers and suppliers to learn about new products and techniques. This includes familiarizing myself with improved welding techniques, new membrane formulations, and advancements in related technologies like underlayment systems and fastening methods. Continual professional development ensures I am proficient in the latest best practices and can offer clients the most effective and efficient solutions.

• Industry associations: Membership and active participation in relevant professional organizations.
• Trade shows and conferences: Attending industry events to learn about new products and techniques.
• Industry publications: Regularly reading industry journals and publications.
• Manufacturer training: Participating in manufacturer-sponsored training programs.

On a recent commercial project, we encountered unexpected issues with substrate irregularities during the pre-installation inspection. The concrete deck had significant undulations and voids, making it unsuitable for a direct PVC membrane application. Simply smoothing the surface wouldn’t meet code requirements for a long-lasting installation. We developed a solution that involved using a self-leveling underlayment to create a uniform surface that adhered to building codes. This required careful coordination with subcontractors and close monitoring during the curing process to prevent delays and ensure a smooth, level surface for the PVC membrane. This experience highlighted the importance of thorough pre-installation inspections and the ability to adapt to unforeseen challenges creatively and efficiently.

• Problem identification: Thoroughly documenting the substrate irregularities.
• Solution development: Proposing and implementing the self-leveling underlayment solution.
• Coordination: Working collaboratively with subcontractors to ensure timely and effective implementation.
• Monitoring: Closely supervising the curing process to ensure project success.