Interview Questions for MEMS Advocacy and Outreach

MEMS, or Microelectromechanical Systems, are miniaturized devices integrating mechanical and electrical components on a single chip. Think of it as combining the precision of a tiny machine with the intelligence of electronics. These devices are typically fabricated using semiconductor manufacturing processes, allowing for mass production at relatively low costs. Applications are incredibly diverse, spanning various sectors.

• Automotive: MEMS accelerometers are crucial in airbags, and MEMS gyroscopes assist in electronic stability control. Pressure sensors monitor tire pressure, ensuring safety and efficiency.
• Consumer Electronics: MEMS microphones are found in smartphones and laptops, enabling voice recognition and high-quality audio recording. MEMS projectors create miniature displays in smartwatches and other portable devices.
• Healthcare: MEMS sensors in wearable devices track physical activity and vital signs, aiding in health monitoring and disease management. MEMS-based drug delivery systems offer precise and controlled medication administration.
• Aerospace: High-precision MEMS inertial measurement units (IMUs) are essential for navigation and guidance in aircraft and spacecraft. MEMS pressure sensors monitor altitude and environmental conditions.

The miniaturization and integration capabilities of MEMS lead to significant advantages like reduced size, weight, and power consumption, coupled with enhanced performance and affordability.

My MEMS advocacy experience involves a multi-pronged approach focusing on strategic communication and collaboration. I’ve spearheaded campaigns to highlight the transformative potential of MEMS technology to various audiences. This includes:

• Developing targeted outreach materials: I’ve created brochures, presentations, and videos tailored for different audiences, from engineers to policymakers, ensuring clear and concise communication of MEMS capabilities and benefits.
• Organizing workshops and conferences: I’ve played a key role in organizing events showcasing the latest MEMS advancements and fostering collaboration between researchers, industry players, and investors.
• Building strategic partnerships: I’ve forged strong relationships with key stakeholders, including government agencies, industry associations, and academic institutions, to collectively promote MEMS research and development.
• Lobbying efforts: I’ve engaged in advocacy to secure funding and support for MEMS-related initiatives, emphasizing the technological and economic benefits to national competitiveness.

Success in these strategies hinges on understanding the specific needs and interests of each audience and tailoring the message accordingly.

Measuring the success of a MEMS outreach campaign requires a multifaceted approach that includes both quantitative and qualitative assessments.

• Quantitative Metrics: This involves tracking key performance indicators (KPIs) such as website traffic, social media engagement (likes, shares, comments), attendance at events, media coverage, and the number of new leads generated.
• Qualitative Metrics: Gaining insight into audience perception is equally important. This can be achieved through surveys, focus groups, and feedback forms to gauge understanding and interest in MEMS technology. Tracking changes in public perception and policy discussions also offers valuable insights.
• Long-term Impact: Ultimately, success is measured by whether the campaign has increased awareness, fostered innovation, attracted investment, and led to tangible applications of MEMS technology in various sectors. This often requires monitoring over an extended period.

A comprehensive evaluation that combines both types of metrics provides a holistic view of campaign effectiveness.

Advocating for MEMS technology presents several key challenges:

• Complexity: Explaining the intricacies of MEMS technology to non-technical audiences can be difficult, requiring effective communication strategies.
• Competition: MEMS competes with other micro- and nano-technologies, necessitating a clear demonstration of its unique advantages.
• Funding limitations: Securing adequate research funding and investment can be challenging, particularly in the face of competition for resources.
• Misconceptions: Addressing public concerns and misconceptions about the safety and reliability of MEMS devices is crucial.
• Supply chain vulnerabilities: Dependence on specialized manufacturing processes and global supply chains can create vulnerabilities that need to be addressed.

Overcoming these challenges necessitates a proactive and strategic approach, engaging diverse stakeholders and effectively communicating the benefits of MEMS technology.

Addressing concerns and misconceptions about MEMS technology requires open communication and transparency. A common concern revolves around safety, particularly regarding potential health effects. This can be tackled by:

• Providing clear and accurate information: Emphasizing safety protocols during design, manufacturing, and usage is vital. Data supporting the biocompatibility and environmental safety of MEMS devices should be readily available.
• Engaging with skeptics: Open dialogue and addressing concerns directly builds trust and reduces apprehension. Collaborating with relevant regulatory agencies to ensure safety standards are met strengthens public confidence.
• Highlighting benefits: By demonstrating the significant positive impacts of MEMS in areas like healthcare and environmental monitoring, we can shift the focus from potential risks to the immense advantages.

By proactively addressing concerns and building trust, we can foster wider acceptance and adoption of MEMS technology.

My experience working with diverse stakeholders is a cornerstone of my advocacy efforts. Effective collaboration requires understanding the unique perspectives and motivations of each group:

• Engineers: I collaborate with engineers to understand technical challenges and translate them into actionable advocacy strategies. This involves participating in technical discussions, reviewing research proposals, and providing input on technology development pathways.
• Investors: I engage with investors to showcase the financial viability of MEMS technologies and attract investment in promising ventures. This includes developing compelling business plans and presentations to highlight market potential and ROI.
• Policymakers: I work with policymakers to advocate for policies that support MEMS research, development, and commercialization. This involves presenting evidence of economic and societal benefits, promoting funding initiatives, and navigating regulatory landscapes.

Building strong relationships with these stakeholders is paramount to fostering a supportive ecosystem for MEMS innovation.

Communicating complex technical information to a non-technical audience requires a strategic approach that emphasizes clarity, simplicity, and relevance.

• Analogies and metaphors: Using relatable examples and analogies helps bridge the gap between technical jargon and everyday understanding. For example, explaining the function of a MEMS accelerometer by comparing it to the inner ear’s balance mechanism is effective.
• Visual aids: Infographics, illustrations, and videos are powerful tools to simplify complex concepts and enhance comprehension.
• Storytelling: Framing technical information within a compelling narrative makes it more engaging and memorable.
• Avoiding jargon: Replace technical terms with simple, easily understandable language or provide clear definitions when necessary.
• Focus on benefits: Emphasize the practical applications and real-world benefits of MEMS technology to resonate with a non-technical audience.

By adapting the communication style and using appropriate tools, we can make complex information accessible and engaging for a wider audience.

Promoting MEMS technology requires a multi-pronged approach targeting different user segments. Effective methods include:

• Targeted Content Marketing: Creating informative blog posts, white papers, and case studies showcasing MEMS applications in specific industries (e.g., automotive, healthcare, consumer electronics). For example, a white paper demonstrating the improved fuel efficiency achievable through MEMS-based fuel injectors would resonate strongly with automotive engineers.

• Industry Events and Conferences: Participating in relevant trade shows and conferences to network with potential users, showcase MEMS devices, and present research findings. A live demonstration of a MEMS sensor’s accuracy in a real-world setting can be incredibly impactful.

• Webinars and Online Workshops: Hosting online sessions to educate potential users about MEMS technology and its benefits. Interactive webinars allow for Q&A sessions, fostering direct engagement and addressing specific concerns.

• Collaborations and Partnerships: Working with industry leaders, research institutions, and government agencies to promote MEMS adoption and development. Joint projects can leverage the strengths of different organizations, accelerating the technology’s integration into various applications.

• Targeted Advertising: Utilizing online advertising and social media platforms to reach specific user groups based on their professional background, interests, and industry. Precision targeting ensures that marketing resources are allocated efficiently.

Identifying and targeting key audiences for MEMS outreach necessitates a thorough understanding of the technology’s applications and potential users. My approach involves:

• Market Segmentation: Dividing the market into distinct segments based on factors like industry, application, company size, and technological maturity. This ensures tailored messaging for each group.

• Needs Assessment: Conducting surveys, interviews, and competitive analysis to understand the specific needs and pain points of each target segment. This data guides the development of solutions that directly address their challenges.

• Persona Development: Creating detailed profiles of ideal customers within each segment, encompassing their demographics, technological expertise, and decision-making processes. This enables the development of highly targeted outreach materials.

• Prioritization: Focusing on the most promising segments exhibiting high growth potential and alignment with the technology’s capabilities. This ensures efficient allocation of resources and maximizes impact.

• Channel Selection: Choosing the appropriate communication channels for each segment. For example, technical journals might be ideal for academic audiences, while industry trade shows could reach commercial clients.

My experience in MEMS market research and analysis encompasses both qualitative and quantitative methods. I’ve utilized:

• Competitive Landscape Analysis: Identifying key players, their market share, and competitive strategies to understand market dynamics and opportunities.

• Technology Trend Analysis: Monitoring emerging technologies and their potential impact on the MEMS market, anticipating future trends and developing proactive strategies.

• Patent Analysis: Examining patent filings to identify technological advancements, predict innovation directions, and assess intellectual property landscape.

• Market Sizing and Forecasting: Using statistical models and industry data to estimate current and future market size for various MEMS applications.

• Customer Surveys and Interviews: Gathering primary data directly from potential users to understand their needs, preferences, and adoption barriers.

For instance, I recently completed a market analysis of MEMS-based gyroscopes in the automotive industry, predicting significant growth driven by the increasing demand for advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS).

Developing a compelling narrative for MEMS technology involves highlighting its unique value proposition and benefits. This requires:

• Focusing on the problem: Clearly articulating the challenges MEMS technology addresses (e.g., miniaturization, improved precision, cost reduction).

• Showcasing the solution: Demonstrating how MEMS technology offers superior solutions compared to traditional approaches.

• Emphasizing benefits: Highlighting the tangible advantages for users, such as improved performance, enhanced functionality, reduced power consumption, or increased efficiency.

• Using real-world examples: Showcasing successful applications of MEMS technology in various industries to build credibility and demonstrate its impact.

• Storytelling: Creating engaging narratives that resonate with audiences by showcasing the human aspect of MEMS technology and its contributions to society.

For example, a compelling narrative for MEMS-based medical sensors could focus on how the technology enables earlier disease detection, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare costs.

Ethical considerations in advocating for MEMS technology are paramount. Key aspects include:

• Data Privacy: Ensuring the responsible collection, storage, and use of data generated by MEMS devices, particularly in applications involving personal health information or sensitive user data.

• Environmental Impact: Considering the environmental footprint of MEMS manufacturing and disposal, promoting sustainable practices and minimizing waste.

• Accessibility and Equity: Promoting equitable access to MEMS-enabled technologies and preventing the creation of digital divides.

• Transparency and Honesty: Providing accurate and unbiased information about the capabilities and limitations of MEMS technology, avoiding misleading claims or exaggerated promises.

• Security and Safety: Ensuring the security of MEMS devices and preventing their misuse for malicious purposes.

For example, transparent communication about potential risks associated with implantable MEMS devices is crucial for building trust and ensuring responsible innovation.

Handling criticism or negative feedback requires a thoughtful and proactive approach. My strategy includes:

• Active Listening: Carefully listening to and acknowledging the concerns raised, demonstrating respect for opposing viewpoints.

• Data-Driven Responses: Providing evidence-based responses to address specific criticisms, using factual data and research findings to counter inaccurate claims.

• Transparency and Openness: Addressing potential shortcomings or limitations of MEMS technology honestly and openly, fostering trust and credibility.

• Constructive Dialogue: Engaging in constructive dialogue with critics to explore common ground and find mutually acceptable solutions.

• Continuous Improvement: Using feedback to identify areas for improvement in MEMS technology and its application, demonstrating commitment to responsible innovation.

For example, if concerns are raised about the energy consumption of a specific MEMS device, I would address these concerns by presenting data on energy efficiency improvements and exploring opportunities for further optimization.

I possess extensive experience in public speaking and presentations, honed through years of presenting research findings, delivering technical workshops, and leading industry presentations. My approach emphasizes:

• Audience Awareness: Tailoring presentations to the specific audience’s level of technical expertise and interests.

• Clear and Concise Communication: Using simple language, avoiding technical jargon whenever possible, and employing visual aids to enhance understanding.

• Engaging Storytelling: Weaving narratives into presentations to make them more memorable and relatable.

• Interactive Elements: Incorporating interactive elements such as Q&A sessions and polls to foster audience engagement.

• Practice and Refinement: Thoroughly practicing presentations and incorporating feedback to improve delivery and clarity.

I’ve successfully presented at numerous international conferences and workshops, consistently receiving positive feedback for my engaging and informative presentations.

Social media is crucial for MEMS advocacy and outreach. My strategy would involve a multi-platform approach, focusing on visually engaging content tailored to different platforms. For instance, on Instagram and Pinterest, I’d use high-quality images and short videos showcasing MEMS applications in everyday life – think a short clip demonstrating how MEMS accelerometers enhance smartphone stability or a graphic explaining the miniaturization achieved in a hearing aid MEMS microphone. Twitter would be utilized for timely updates on industry news, research breakthroughs, and event announcements, using relevant hashtags like #MEMS, #Microelectronics, #Sensors, etc. LinkedIn would serve as a platform for professional networking, sharing industry articles, and engaging in discussions with researchers, engineers, and investors. Facebook could host longer-form content like blog posts, infographics explaining complex MEMS concepts in simple terms, and videos explaining the impact of MEMS on various industries. I’d also actively engage with comments and questions, fostering a sense of community and open dialogue.

Crucially, I’d track analytics to measure engagement and adjust the strategy accordingly. Understanding which platforms and content resonate most with the target audience is vital for effective resource allocation.

The MEMS industry is experiencing rapid growth, driven by several key trends. Miniaturization continues to be a dominant force, pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in terms of size and functionality. We’re seeing increased integration of MEMS with other technologies, particularly in IoT (Internet of Things) devices, where small, low-power sensors are essential. Another significant trend is the development of 3D MEMS structures, offering improved performance and functionalities compared to traditional 2D designs. The growing demand for high-precision sensors in various applications, from automotive to healthcare, is also a major driver. This includes advancements in areas such as inertial measurement units (IMUs), pressure sensors, and flow sensors.

Future prospects look bright. We can expect to see even smaller, more energy-efficient MEMS devices, with increased functionality and improved integration with AI and machine learning. This will lead to innovative applications in areas like personalized medicine, advanced robotics, and environmental monitoring. For example, the development of sophisticated lab-on-a-chip devices using MEMS technology has tremendous potential for disease diagnosis and treatment. The fusion of MEMS with nanotechnology promises further breakthroughs in miniaturization and functionality.

My familiarity with relevant industry standards and regulations is extensive. I have a deep understanding of standards developed by organizations like IEEE, ISO, and SEMI, particularly those related to MEMS design, fabrication, testing, and packaging. This includes knowledge of safety standards relevant to the integration of MEMS in various products, especially those related to consumer electronics and automotive applications. I’m also well-versed in relevant regulations regarding data privacy and security, especially concerning the collection and transmission of data from MEMS-based sensors. Staying abreast of these evolving standards and regulations is critical to ensuring the safe and responsible development and deployment of MEMS technology.

For example, I’m familiar with the importance of adhering to ISO 9001 for quality management systems in the design and manufacturing of MEMS devices. Similarly, I understand the significance of complying with RoHS directives (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) regarding the use of certain materials in the manufacturing process.

My experience with budgeting and resource allocation for MEMS projects encompasses all stages, from initial concept to final product launch. I’ve been involved in developing detailed budgets that consider equipment costs, material costs, personnel costs (including engineers, technicians, and support staff), and overhead expenses. I’m adept at using various project management tools to track expenditures and ensure that resources are utilized efficiently. I’m also experienced in securing funding from various sources, including government grants, venture capital, and corporate investments.

A successful strategy involves detailed cost breakdowns for each phase of the project, contingency planning for unforeseen expenses, and regular performance reviews to ensure the project stays on track and within budget. I’ve utilized tools like Earned Value Management (EVM) to track progress and identify potential cost overruns early on.

Collaboration is key to successful MEMS advocacy. My approach involves establishing clear communication channels and shared goals with other teams. For instance, when working with the R&D team, I would actively participate in brainstorming sessions and provide market insights to guide technology development. With the marketing and sales teams, I would collaborate on developing effective messaging and campaigns to promote MEMS technology to potential customers and investors. When engaging with regulatory bodies, I’d ensure that all communication aligns with industry standards and legal requirements.

I believe in fostering a collaborative environment by leveraging tools like project management software and regular team meetings, utilizing open and transparent communication, and ensuring all stakeholders are well-informed about project progress and any challenges encountered. Building consensus and understanding shared priorities across various teams is fundamental to achieving MEMS advocacy goals.

Protecting intellectual property (IP) is paramount in the competitive MEMS field. My experience encompasses a comprehensive understanding of patent law and procedures, from patent drafting and prosecution to patent litigation. I’m familiar with various IP protection mechanisms, including patents, trademarks, and trade secrets. I’ve been involved in developing and implementing IP strategies for MEMS-related inventions, ensuring that valuable innovations are properly protected and that potential infringements are addressed swiftly and effectively. I’ve worked closely with patent attorneys to ensure a robust IP portfolio for our MEMS-related technologies.

Understanding the nuances of IP protection in the MEMS field is particularly important due to the complex nature of these technologies and the rapid pace of innovation. This includes understanding the implications of freedom-to-operate analyses and maintaining a proactive stance to protect our innovations from both direct and indirect infringement.

My proficiency in marketing and communication tools is broad, encompassing various digital and traditional methods. I’m experienced in using CRM (Customer Relationship Management) software to manage contacts and track interactions, and I’m adept at utilizing various social media platforms, as discussed earlier. I’m proficient in creating compelling presentations, reports, and marketing materials using tools like PowerPoint and Adobe Creative Suite. I’m also comfortable with email marketing campaigns and utilizing analytics platforms to measure campaign effectiveness. My skills also include developing and executing public relations strategies to raise awareness of MEMS technology and its benefits.

Beyond the digital tools, I’m skilled in crafting compelling narratives and tailoring messages to resonate with specific target audiences. I’ve experience creating presentations for both technical and non-technical audiences, emphasizing clarity and visual communication to convey complex concepts effectively.

A long-term MEMS advocacy and outreach strategy requires a multi-pronged approach focusing on building awareness, fostering collaboration, and driving adoption. It’s not just about shouting the benefits of MEMS; it’s about weaving them into the fabric of relevant conversations.

• Phase 1: Foundation Building (Year 1-3): This involves identifying key stakeholders (academia, industry, government), creating compelling content highlighting MEMS applications (e.g., case studies, videos showcasing real-world impact), and establishing a strong online presence.
• Phase 2: Targeted Outreach (Year 3-5): We’d tailor our messaging to specific audiences—for instance, highlighting the energy efficiency benefits to environmental groups or the cost-effectiveness to businesses. We’d organize workshops, webinars, and participate in relevant industry conferences. This phase focuses on building relationships and demonstrating value.
• Phase 3: Sustained Growth & Advocacy (Year 5+): This is about monitoring the impact of our efforts, adapting strategies based on data, and engaging in policy advocacy where necessary. We’d seek to influence standards development and funding opportunities, ensuring continued growth and recognition of MEMS technology.

Think of it like planting a tree: the first few years are about establishing strong roots, then comes the focused nurturing, and finally, the tree grows and bears fruit. Continuous monitoring and adjustment are essential for success.

Measuring the success of MEMS outreach requires a balanced approach using quantitative and qualitative metrics. Simply put, we need to know if our efforts are resonating and producing tangible results.

• Website Analytics: Tracking website traffic, time spent on pages, and downloads of resources provides insights into audience engagement.
• Social Media Engagement: Monitoring likes, shares, comments, and follower growth helps assess the reach and impact of our online campaigns.
• Event Attendance & Feedback: Measuring attendance at workshops and webinars, along with gathering feedback through surveys, provides valuable qualitative data.
• Media Mentions & Coverage: Tracking media coverage—positive and negative—helps us assess our public relations efforts and identify areas for improvement.
• Industry Collaboration & Partnerships: Increased collaborations and partnerships are a key indicator of successful outreach.
• Funding Secured (for advocacy initiatives): Successfully securing funding for MEMS research or development projects is a concrete measure of our impact.

By tracking these metrics, we can continuously optimize our strategy, demonstrating return on investment and justifying continued resource allocation. These metrics tell a story – a story of how effectively we’re spreading awareness and securing future growth for MEMS technology.

Experience with crisis communication in the MEMS industry is crucial, though thankfully, significant crises are relatively rare. However, scenarios such as product recalls due to manufacturing defects or safety concerns, or negative publicity surrounding environmental impact, require swift and decisive action.

My approach involves:

• Rapid Assessment: Quickly identifying the scope and severity of the issue and understanding the potential impact on stakeholders.
• Transparent Communication: Proactively communicating with affected parties—customers, regulators, and the media—using clear, concise, and empathetic language.
• Problem-Solving Focus: Developing a detailed plan to mitigate the issue, address root causes, and prevent future occurrences.
• Stakeholder Management: Engaging and coordinating with all relevant stakeholders to ensure everyone is informed and working towards a solution.
• Post-Crisis Review: Conducting a thorough post-mortem analysis to identify areas for improvement in our processes and communication strategies.

For example, if a sensor malfunctions, causing a safety issue, I’d immediately initiate a recall, communicate transparently with affected users and regulatory bodies, issue updates regularly, and cooperate fully with investigations.

Leveraging partnerships is essential for effective MEMS advocacy and outreach. It amplifies our message, extends our reach, and provides access to resources and expertise that we might not possess internally.

• Industry Associations: Collaborating with organizations like SEMI (Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International) provides access to a wider network of industry professionals and facilitates knowledge sharing.
• Research Institutions & Universities: Partnering with universities provides access to cutting-edge research and talent, fostering innovation and development of new MEMS applications.
• Government Agencies: Working with funding agencies and regulatory bodies helps secure funding for research, development, and advocacy initiatives and shapes favorable policies.
• End-Users & Integrators: Engaging with companies that use MEMS technologies in their products provides valuable feedback and strengthens adoption through case studies and success stories.

For instance, a partnership with a leading automotive manufacturer could generate compelling case studies highlighting the use of MEMS sensors in advanced driver-assistance systems, showcasing the technology’s real-world benefits to a broader audience.

The MEMS industry is highly competitive, characterized by a diverse range of players, including established giants and emerging startups. Competition exists along several axes:

• Technology: Innovation in materials, fabrication processes, and device designs drives competition. Companies constantly strive to develop smaller, faster, cheaper, and more energy-efficient MEMS devices.
• Applications: Competition arises as companies target specific applications, such as automotive, healthcare, or consumer electronics. Differentiation often comes from specialized expertise and unique solutions.
• Manufacturing & Supply Chain: Access to advanced manufacturing facilities and reliable supply chains plays a crucial role. Vertical integration and strategic partnerships influence market share.
• Pricing & Market Share: Intense competition can drive down prices, putting pressure on profit margins. Companies continuously look for ways to improve efficiency and optimize their cost structures.

Understanding this competitive landscape requires constant monitoring of industry trends, technological advancements, and market dynamics. Adapting to changing conditions and leveraging strengths while mitigating weaknesses is crucial for success.

Adapting advocacy strategies for different audiences is critical for maximizing impact. A one-size-fits-all approach simply won’t work. We need to tailor our messaging, channels, and language to resonate with each target group.

• Investors: Focus on return on investment (ROI), market potential, and technological advantages. Use financial models and projections to demonstrate the value proposition.
• Engineers & Scientists: Emphasize technical specifications, performance metrics, and the potential for innovation. Technical papers, presentations at conferences, and collaborative research opportunities are effective here.
• Policymakers: Highlight the economic benefits, job creation potential, and societal impact of MEMS technologies. Lobbying efforts, policy briefs, and participation in policy discussions are essential.
• General Public: Focus on consumer benefits, ease of use, and compelling applications. Use simple language, engaging visuals, and relatable examples to explain complex technologies.

For instance, when speaking to investors, I’d emphasize market projections and financial forecasts; when interacting with the general public, I’d illustrate MEMS’ role in everyday devices, like smartphones, making the technology’s impact tangible and relatable.

Working under pressure and meeting deadlines in a fast-paced environment is an integral part of my experience in the MEMS industry. It’s a sector driven by innovation, and speed is often essential. My approach involves a combination of organizational skills, effective time management, and proactive communication.

• Prioritization & Task Management: I excel at prioritizing tasks based on urgency and importance, using tools like project management software to track progress and ensure deadlines are met.
• Teamwork & Collaboration: I’m a strong team player and believe in leveraging the expertise of colleagues. Clear communication and collaborative problem-solving are crucial in high-pressure situations.
• Adaptability & Flexibility: Unexpected challenges are common. I’m adept at adapting my plans and approach to unforeseen circumstances, maintaining flexibility and finding creative solutions.
• Stress Management: Maintaining a calm and focused demeanor under pressure is crucial. I employ stress management techniques to maintain productivity and make sound decisions.

For instance, during a product launch, I’ve successfully managed multiple simultaneous tasks, coordinating with various teams to ensure the timely completion of all deliverables, while effectively mitigating unforeseen setbacks.